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In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are. Properties are qualities or relations that two or more entities have in common. The various kinds of properties, such as qualities and relations are referred to as universals. For instance, one can imagine three cup holders on a table that have in common the quality of ''being circular'' or ''exemplifying circularity'',〔Loux (1998), p. 20; (2001), p. 3〕 or two daughters that have in common ''being the daughter of Frank.'' There are many such properties, such as being human, red, male or female, liquid, big or small, taller than, father of, etc.〔Loux (2001), p. 4〕 While philosophers agree that human beings talk and think about properties, they disagree on whether these universals exist in reality or merely in thought and speech. ==Positions== There are many philosophical positions regarding universals. Taking "beauty" as example, three positions are: * Idealism: beauty is a property constructed in the mind, so exists only in descriptions of things. * Platonic realism: beauty is a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or description. * Aristotelean realism: beauty is a property that only exists when beautiful things exist. Taking a broader view, the main positions are generally considered to be classifiable as: realism, nominalism, and idealism (sometimes simply called "anti-realism" with regard to universals).〔MacLeod & Rubenstein (2006), §3.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「problem of universals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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